I. INTRODUCTION:

The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea of everyday physical objects being connected to the internet and being able to identify themselves to other devices. It has a dynamic global infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communications protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual networks and use artificial intelligent interface.

II. KEY FEATURES OF IOT:

The prominent features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below:

A. Artificial Intelligence:

IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks.

B. Connectivity:

New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.

C. Sensors:

IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world integration.

D. Active Engagement:

Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.

E. Small Devices:

Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

III. RECENT DEVELOPMENT DOMAIN OF IOT:

Potential applications of the internet of Things are not only numerous but also quite diverse as they permeate into virtually all aspects of daily life of individuals, institutions, and society. The applications of IoT cover broad areas including manufacturing or the industrial sector, health sector, agriculture, smart cities, security and emergencies among many others.

A. Transportation:

The IoT can play the important role in integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle and the driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic, logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance. Modern automobiles are equipped with sensors which are connected to the internet through control systems. IoT plays important role in road safety- systems. Such as collision detection, lane change warning, traffic signal control, intelligent traffic scheduling

B. Environmental Monitoring:

The Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental protection by monitoring the atmospheric situations like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats. The physical devices connected to the Internet which are used as warning systems can also be used by emergency services to provide more effective aid. Smart environment strategies integration with IoT technology should be created for sensing, tracking and assessment of objects of the environment that offer potential benefits in achieving a sustainable life and a green world. The IoT technology allows observing and managing of air quality through data collection from remote sensors across cities and providing round the clock geographic coverage to accomplish better ways of managing traffic jams in major cities. Additionally, IoT technology can be applied in measuring pollution levels in water and consequently enlighten decisions on water usage. In waste management, which consists of various types of waste, like chemicals and pollutants being detrimental to the environment and to people, animals, and plants as well, IoT can also be applied. This can be achieved by environmental protection by means of controlling industrial pollution through instantaneous monitoring and management systems combined with supervision in addition to decision making networks.

C. Infrastructure Management:

Monitoring and control operations of rural infrastructures like bridges, railway track. It is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve management and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas.

D. Manufacturing:

The IoT enables the quick manufacturing of new products and real –time optimization of manufacturing production and supply by using networking machinery, sensors and control systems together. IoT helps in digital control systems to automate process, to optimize the plant safety and security are interlinked with the IoT. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by large number of networked sensors. National science foundation established an industry/University cooperative Research center on intelligent maintenance systems (IMS).The vision is to achieve near-zero breakdown using IoT-based manufacturing. In future we can see the e-manufacturing plants and e-maintenance activities .

E. Medical and health care:

A lot of benefits that IoT application offers in the health-care sector is most categorized into tracking of patients, staff, and objects, identifying, as well as authenticating, individuals, and the automatic gathering of data and sensing. Hospital workflow can be significantly improved once patients flow is tracked. Additionally, authentication and identification reduce incidents that may be harmful to patients, record maintenance and fewer cases of mismatching infants. In addition, automatic data collection and transmission is vital in process automation, reduction of form processing timelines, automated procedure auditing as well as medical inventory management. Sensor devices allow functions centered on patients, particularly, in diagnosing conditions and availing real-time information about patients’ health indicators.

F. Home automation:

Home automation is the residential extension of building automation. It involves the control and automation of lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and security, as well as home appliances such as washer/dryers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers. They use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring and are a part of the Internet of things. In this domain, IoT can be applied in remote control devices whereby one can remotely switch appliances on and off hence preventing accidents as well as saving energy. Other smart home appliances include refrigerators fitted with LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens, enabling one to know what is available inside, what has over stayed and is almost expiring as well as what needs to be restocked. This information can also be linked to a smartphone application enabling one to access it when outside the house and therefore buy what is needed. Furthermore, washing machines can allow one to remotely monitor laundry. In addition, a wide range of kitchen devices can be interfaced through a smartphone, hence making it possible to adjust temperature, like in the case of an oven. Some ovens which have a self-cleaning feature can be easily monitored as well. In terms of safety in the home, IoT can be applied through alarm systems and cameras can be installed to monitor and detect window or door openings hence preventing intruders.

F. Energy management:

Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the internet, is likely to optimize energy consumption .It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy consuming devices and be able to communicate with power generation .

G. Media, Entertainment:

Application of IoT in media causes to transfer data through cloud from one place to another place, IoT provides good communication between people through transfer the media one to another.

H. Agriculture and Water Management:

By develop the agriculture machinery into smart devices causes control the water pumps and sprayers are controlled anywhere.

I. Security:

In modern lives there is a fear about thieves, by using IoT in home security devices, the security device is operated by a particular person from anywhere through cloud. The IoT has the capacity to strengthen and enhance the agriculture sector through examining soil moisture and in the case of vineyards, monitoring the trunk diameter. IoT would allow to control and preserve the quantity of vitamins found in agricultural products, and regulate microclimate conditions in order to make the most of the production of vegetables and fruits and their quality. Furthermore, studying weather conditions allows forecasting of ice information, drought, wind changes, rain or snow, thus controlling temperature and humidity levels to prevent fungus as well as other microbial contaminants.

J. Smart Cities:

The IoT plays a crucial role in improving the smartness of cities and enhancing general infrastructure. Some of IoT application areas in creating smart cities include; intelligent transportation systems, smart building, traffic congestion waste management, smart lighting, smart parking, and urban maps. This may include different functionalities such as; monitoring available parking spaces within the city, monitoring vibrations as well as material conditions of bridges and buildings, putting in place sound monitoring devices in sensitive parts of cities, as well as monitoring the levels of pedestrians and vehicles. Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled IoT can be utilized to monitor, control and reduce traffic congestions in Smart Cities. Moreover, IoT allows installation of intelligent and weather adaptive street lighting and detection waste and waste containers by keeping tabs of trash collection schedules. Intelligent highways can provide warning messages and important information, such as access to diversions depending on the climatic conditions or unexpected occurrences like traffic jams and accidents.

IV. IOT – CHALLENGES:

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges.

Here is a list of some its major issues:

A. Security:

IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.

B. Privacy:

The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.

C. Complexity:

Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.

D. Flexibility:

Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.

E. Compliance:

IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.

V. CONCLUSION:

Internet of Things depends on Internet, sensors technology which makes the communication possible among devices by implementing different protocols. IOT avail connections to users on anywhere, anything and at any moment. IOT is a creative idea that alters the real world objects into virtual objects. IOT enables users to control over labeled items like door locks, lights, microwave, tv, coffeemaker, washing machine, window locks and so on and keeps up-to-date about the state. The future is totally depends on Internet of Thing, so lot of thing to do at implementation level. In this paper we focus on the various applications of IOT like interoperability, smart cities, smart medicine, offices, home, transportation, vegetable traceability system in agriculture, cyber security, e-commerce and so on.

VI. REFERENCES :

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Received on 23.05.2020 Accepted on 18.06.2020

Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2020;11(2):49-52.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-581X.2020.00009.4